Binder of vegetable nature for the production of materials for building and/or civil engineering

ABSTRACT

A binder for the production of a layer for road works or civil engineering comprises, with respect to the total weight of the binder: (a) 2 to 98% in weight of at least one purely natural or modified natural resin, of vegetable origin, having a softening point measured of 30 to 200° C.; (b) 98 to 2% in weight of at least one oil of vegetable origin having a viscosity at 25° C. of 50 mPa·s to 1000 Pa·s, (c) the binder having: (c1) either a penetrability at 25° C., of 20 to 300 1/10 mm and a softening point of 30 to 75° C., (c2) or a penetrability at 15° C., of 300 to 900 and a viscosity at 60° C., and (d) the binder being exempt of any natural or synthetic elastomer and of any thermoplastic polymer.

This application is a division of co-pending application Ser. No.10/820,004 filed on Apr. 8, 2004. The entire contents of theabove-identified application is hereby incorporated by reference.

This invention concerns generally a binder of vegetable nature and itsuse for the production of materials for building and civil engineering,and in particular materials to produce layers and/or coatings for roadworks and/or civil engineering.

Today, numerous carriageways, if not most of them, are covered withbituminous coated materials which have proven their capacity to meet theapplication constraints on the one hand and to the loads related to thetraffic and to the weather conditions on the other hand. These coatedmaterials are considered as contrary to this usage and their durabilityis acknowledged. They are composed of granulates bound together bynatural bitumen or additive-modified bitumen, in particular elastomersand/or thermoplastic polymers.

Granulates bound by bitumen are also used in building and civilengineering to form, among other things, tightness layers, pavementcoatings, pitch works, coatings for civil engineering works, etc. . . .

Bitumen is used moreover in so-called industrial applications such astightness, thermal or sound insulation, etc. . . .

Among the properties which confer to the bitumen its qualities of usageas a binder, viscoelasticity plays a fundamental role. It is thisquality which enables to find a good compromise between flexibility andrigidity.

Bitumen is a material derived from the transformation of petroleum.Consequently, it is one of the so-called non-renewable raw materialssince petroleum is a fossil material.

The materials for civil engineering should be able to keep theirproperties, in particular viscoelasticity, over a wide spectrum oftemperatures comprised between −20° C. and +70° C. It is this featurewhich makes bitumen popular as a material for civil engineering.

As regards rheology in general and the viscoelasticity in particular,one may consult the chapter <<hydrocarbonated binders>> of the bookentitled <<bitumen-based coated materials—Volume 1>> published by USIRFin December 2001.

The document GB-734 576 describes a varnish for the production ofcoating films with uniformly wrinkled aspect which comprises thereaction product at 175-280° C. of a synthetic or natural resin and of avegetable oil, the weight of oil being one and a half times that of theresin and of additives such as metal salts (cobalt notably), understrict conditions (vacuum of 10 to 40 mm of Hg or CO₂ atmosphere). Asolvent such as benzene is added to the reaction product.

Regarding the preparation method and since the product obtained is avarnish which should be applicable as a paint, the product obtained isfar more fluid to be used as a binder and does not show the requiredpenetrability features.

The patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,476 describes a binder for the productionof elastic street pavement which consists of tall oil resin, a woodresin, and a therebenthine resin, a derivate of such resins or a mixtureof such resins or derivates and a mineral or vegetable treatment oil.

To obtain a binder according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,476 having adequatecold resistance, the binder should be added an elastomer, for example, astyrene-butadiene elastomer.

Also, to obtain a binder according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,476 leading tomaterials which are not brittle when exposed to the cold and do notsoften up when exposed to the heat, the binder should be added at leastone thermoplastic polymer, for instance polyethylene, propylene,polyamide or polyester.

Preferably, the binder according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,476 includes atthe same time a thermoplastic polymer and an elastomer.

It would be therefore desirable to have a binder for the production ofmaterials intended for building and/or civil engineering which exhibitsviscoelastic properties comparable to those of bitumen for a widetemperature range, from −20° C. to +70° C., which is of vegetablenature, and preferably formulated from renewable raw materials.

The above objects are met according to the invention by a binder ofvegetable nature for the production of materials for building and/orcivil engineering which comprises, with respect to the total weight ofthe binder:

-   (a) 2 to 98% in weight of at least one purely natural or modified    natural resin, of vegetable origin, having a softening point    measured according to the standard ISO 4625 of 30 to 200° C.,    preferably of 80 to 200° C., better of 100 to 200° C., and better    still of 120 to 180° C.;-   (b) 98 to 2% in weight of at least one oil of vegetable origin    having a viscosity at 25° C. of 50 mPa·s to 1000 Pa·s,-   (c) said binder having:    -   (c1) either a penetrability at 25° C., measured according to the        standard NF EN 1426, of 20 to 300 1/10 mm and a softening point        of 30 to 75° C. measured according to the standard NF EN 1427;    -   (c2) or a penetrability at 15° C., measured, according to the        standard NF EN 1426, of 300 to 900 1/10 mm and a viscosity at        60° C., measured according to the standard NF EN 12596 of 2 to        20 Pa·s; et-   (d) said binder being exempt of any natural or synthetic elastomer    and of any thermoplastic polymer.

In particular, the binder according to the invention is exempt of anynatural or synthetic elastomer, such as for instance polybutadiene,latex, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS),ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), etc, and of any thermoplastic polymer suchas, for instance, polyolefins (polyethylene, polypropylene), polyamidesand polyesters.

The specifications of the bitumens are given in the standard NF EN12591. They are characterised by a penetrability, measured according tothe standard NF EN 1426 and expressed in tenths of millimetre. Accordingto this penetrability, a second parameter is considered to characterisethe consistency of bitumens. This may be either the softeningtemperature, expressed in degrees centigrade and measured according toNF EN 1427, or the viscosity at 60° C. measured according to thestandard NF EN 12596 and expressed in Pa·s. The selection between eitherof both these parameters depends on the penetrability as may be noticedin the standard NF EN 12591. Depending on the usage contemplated, thebitumen is selected in one of the classes defined in the standard NF EN12591.

The binder according to the invention is intended to replace the bitumenin all the applications of the latter. Therefore, the binder accordingto the invention is characterised by the same parameters, measuredaccording to the same methods, expressed according to the same units.Therefore, depending on the application contemplated, the penetrabilityof the binder according to the invention, at 25° C., ranges between 20and 300 1/10 mm. Its softening temperature varies then between 75° C.and 30° C. The penetrability of the binder according to the inventionmay also range between 300 and 900 1/10 mm, measured at 15° C. In such acase, the viscosity at 60° C. ranges between 20 and 2 Pa·s.

There is no preferred penetrability range since the penetrability of thebinder according to the invention is selected depending according to theapplication as in the case of bitumen.

The binder according to the invention may be in the form of awater-based emulsion. In such a case, one may use any conventionalemulsifier, cationic, anionic or non-ionic or mixtures of emulsifiers.

The resins adequate for this invention are exudated substances bycertain vegetables. They may be of fossil origin or so-called harvestorigin. They may be used as such (natural resins) or be transformedchemically (modified natural resins). When they are produced byvegetables existing currently, they form renewable raw materials.

Among the purely natural and modified harvest resins, one may quote theaccroïd resins, the dammar, the purely natural and modified naturalrosins, the rosin esters, the rosin soaps and the metal resinates.

Among the natural rosins, one may quote the fir and wood and tall oilrosins, such as the tall oil pitch.

Among the modified natural rosins, one may quote the hydrogenated,dismutated, polymerised and maleated rosins.

Among the rosin esters, one may quote the esters of glycerol and ofnatural, hydrogenated, dismutated, polymerised and maleated rosins, andthe esters of the pentaerythritol and of natural and hydrogenatedrosins.

Among the metal resinates, one may quote the metal carboxylates, forinstance of Ca, Zn, Mg, Ba, Pb, Co, obtained from natural or modifiedrosins, the calcium resinates, the zinc resinates and the mixedresinates composed of calcium and of zinc.

Although it is recommended for the reasons mentioned previously, one mayalso use for the formulation of the binder according to the invention ofthe vegetable natural resins of fossil origin.

Among these fossil resins, one may quote the copal resins.

To be useful part in the formulation of the binder according to theinvention, the resin should have a softening temperature of 30 to 200°C., better of 80 to 200° C., better still of 100 to 200° C., andpreferably of 120 to 180° C.

Generally, one will use preferably resins having a softening temperatureof at least 100° C., preferably of at least 120° C., since these lead,after mixture with vegetable oils in adequate proportions, to bindershaving the viscoelasticity features closest, if not analogue to those ofbitumens for a temperature range from −20° C. to +70° C., and without itbeing necessary to add to the formulation of the binder an elastomerand/or a thermoplastic polymer.

Table I below gather preferred families of resins useful for theinvention. TABLE I Softening Name Type (1) temperature, ° C. Copal ofCongo F 100 to 180 Copal of Zanzibar F 140 to 190 Copal of Benguela F104 to 130 Accroïds R 100 to 133 Dammar R  75 to 126 Modified rosins R,T 125 to 160 Rosin esters R, T >120 Rosin esters R, T >130 Calciumresinate R, T 135 to 170(1) F: Fossil, R: Harvest, T: having been subjected to a chemicaltransformation

Obviously, one may use mixtures of both or more, of the purely naturalor modified natural resins according to the invention.

The purely natural or modified resin(s), of vegetable origin account ingeneral 2 to 98%, preferably 25 to 95%, better 30 to 90%, and betterstill 40 to 70% in weight, with respect to the total weight of thebinder.

For more information regarding purely natural and modified naturalresins, one may refer to the article of Bernard DELMOND, <<Naturalresins>>, Techniques of the Engineer, treaty <<Physical chemicalconstants>>—K340-1 to 12, May 2002.

As indicated previously, the binder according to the invention stillcomprises as an essential component one or several oils of vegetableorigin.

As it is well-known, the vegetable oils are obtained by pulverization ofseeds, kernels, fruits of oleaginous vegetables.

The vegetable oils may be used raw or refined. They may be modified bychemical reactions, as esterification, whereas these oils may be finallymodified chemically.

Among the vegetable oils appropriate to the binder according to theinvention, one may quote: the oils made of flax, of colza, of sunflower,of soja bean, of olive, of palm, of ricin, of wood, of maize, of gourd,of grape pips, of jojoba, of sesame, of nut, of hazel, of almond, ofshea, of macadamia, of cotton, of lucerne, of rye, of cartham, ofgroundnut and of copra.

The vegetable oils preferred according to the invention are flax, ricinand wood oils.

The vegetable oils may be used singly or in the presence of a catalystwhich accelerates the polymerisation reaction of oil in the presence ofoxygen. These catalysts are well-known and are generally organic metalsalts such as cobalt, zirconium and manganese, in particular octanoatesand naphtenates of these metals.

The vegetable oils appropriate to the binder of the invention havegenerally a viscosity at 25° C. such as measured on the Brookfieldviscosimeter of 50 mPa·s to 1000 Pa·s, preferably of 50 mPa·s to 500mPa·s.

Obviously, the viscosity of the oil is selected depending on theresin(s) used to formulate the binder, in order to obtain a binderhaving the penetrability and the softening point or the viscosityrequired.

Vegetable oils according to the invention may have iodine indicesranging between 0 and 200.

Table II below specifies vegetable oils preferred for the binder of theinvention. TABLE II Viscosity at Name 25° C. Comments Flax oil Variablefrom According to their iodine index, 10 mPa · s to oils will be more orless 20 mPa · s polymerisable. Such polymerisation according to iscaused by the reaction of the their degree double links, carried by theof modification chains of the fat acids which compose these oils,together with oxygen. The qualifier siccative or semi-siccative is usedfor characterising this property. Siccativation catalysts, metal salts,may be used for accelerating this reaction. Soja Viscosity variable beanoil from 10 mPa · s to 2 Pa · s Colza Kinetic viscosity Obtained bytransesterification methyl ester of the order of of sunflower oil. 3 to5 mm2/s Used as gas oil substitute. to 40° C. Dehydrated Viscosityvariable ricin oil from 15 mPa · s to 1 Pa · s

Vegetable oil(s) account for generally 98 to 2%, preferably 5 to 75%,better 10 to 60%, and better still 20 to 40% in weight with respect tothe total weight of the binder.

The binder according to the invention may also comprise one or severalcolouring agents colorants such as mineral pigments and organiccolorants.

The binder according to the invention may be used for the production ofmaterials for the building and civil engineering, in particularmaterials to compose layers and/or coatings for road works and/or civilengineering.

Thus, the binder according to the invention may be used for bindinggranulates between together and possibly for gluing said binder onto thesupport whereon they are spread.

The binder may be mixed to the granulates before application in order toform coated materials (coating technique), or materials spread on thecarriageway before or after spreading the granulates to form the layersor coatings (coating technique).

The word granulate refers to the materials described in the standard XPP 18-540. The aggregates, in the meaning of XP P 98-135, are also liableto be used in combination with the binder according to the invention.

To characterise the coated materials, one uses in particular thedescription of their granular formulation, i.e. the distribution of themass of granulates which compose the coated material depending on thegranular class.

As regards the bituminous coated materials, the evolutions of thetechnique have enabled to select granular formulations more capable thanothers to meet the performance specifications. By performances is meantthe properties of the coated materials as may be characterised using thefollowing tests: Performance Test standards Comments Compactability NFP98-252 Capacity of the coated material to be implemented with specifiedcompactness Mechanical NF P98-251-1 Durability when exposed toresistance aggressions of the traffic and to and water the risk ofcoated material handling separation Wheel rutting NF P98-253-1 Capacityto resist to the resistance creeping related to the application of thetraffic Complex module NF P98-260-2 Capacity to sustain the loads.Fatigue NF P98-261-1 Capacity to maintain intact the behaviourproperties of the coated material depending on the repeated applicationof the loads

As regards the coated materials composed with the binder according tothe invention, one may obviously retain granular formulations which haveproven adequate in the case of bituminous coated materials. Certainformulations are standardised: NF P 98-132, NF P 98-131, NF P 98-134,for instances. However, the characteristics of the binder according tothe invention enable to review these granular formulations. Therefore,in the case of applications of binder according to the invention one maycontemplate any combination of granular classes.

Moreover, in the case of bituminous coated materials, the granulatesmust comply with specifications relative to their mechanical properties;the corresponding specifications are part of the standard XP P 18-540.In the case of the coated materials with the vegetable binder accordingto the invention, one may contemplate the use of granulates which wouldbe considered as non-complying for usage in bituminous coated materials.

The quantity of binder according to the invention used for forming thecoated materials corresponds to that of bitumen employed conventionallyto realise bituminous coated materials.

Thus, the binder according to the invention accounts for generallybetween 3 and 10% of the total weight of the coated material.

The following examples illustrate this invention.

1. Realisation of Binders of Vegetable Nature According to the Invention

1.1 Principe of Production

The vegetable oil is heated to a higher temperature selected ofapproximately 20 to 50° C., typically of the order of 30° C. higher thanthe softening temperature of the resin adopted to be part of thecomposition of the vegetable binder. For instance, to use a resinwhereof the softening temperature is 135° C., the oil selected will beheated to a temperature of the order of 165° C. to 170° C.

The resin is here incorporated little by little in the oil. The melangeis stirred. Once, all the mass of resin has been introduced, the mixtureis stirred for 90 minutes, at the temperature requested.

1.2 Examples of Formulations of Binders According to the Invention

The different resins used to formulate the binders are given in tableIII below: TABLE III Softening Reference: Trade name or Naturetemperature, ° C. Resin A Terpene pinene resin 135 Dercolyte ® 135AResin B Modified rosin phenol ester 160 Sylvaprint ® 8785 Resin C Rosinresin maleated ester 106 Sylvacote ® 4973

The vegetable oils used are given in table IV. TABLE IV Reference:Nature Viscosity Pa · s at 25° C. Oil A Flax oil 1 Oil B Wood oil 3 OilC Dehydrated ricin oil 2.5

From the above resins and oils, binders have been formulated accordingto the invention. The composition of these binders, their penetrabilityand their softening temperature (point) are given in table V below.TABLE V Binder 1 Binder 2 Binder 3 Components Resin A 75% — — Resin B —80% — Resin C — — 65% Oil A 25% — — Oil B — — 35% Oil C — 20% —Properties Penetrability, 1/10 mm 105 42 90 Softening temperature, ° C.41 62 43

The bitumen is frequently emulsified in order to facilitate the usagethereof in various processes such as:

-   a) Superficial plasters, fastening layers, vulcanisation layers,    impregnation, soil and base course treatment, emulsion base course,    emulsion coated materials, cold-cast coated materials and generally    the processes described in the book <<the emulsions of bitumen.    Generals. Applications>> published in 1988 by the French union of    bitumen road emulsions.-   b) Protection layers for pipe-lines, metal works, concrete works,    binder present in the production of thermal and sound insulation    boards made of wood particles or of polymer materials and generally    the usages described in <<The Shell Bitumen Industrial Handbook>>    published by Shell Bitumen in 1995, ISBN 0-9516625-1-1.

The binder according to the invention may easily be emulsified with theemulsifiers used conventionally for emulsifying bitumens. Theseemulsifiers, or emulsifying mixtures, which may be cationic, anionic ornon-ionic, are well-known to the man of the art.

The formulation of the emulsion is selected depending on the applicationcontemplated. This binder emulsion according to the invention may thenreplace the emulsions of bitumen in their applications.

For exemplification purposes, emulsions have been realised with thebinder 1 of table V. The formulations are reported in table VI below.The emulsions have been produced with an emulbitumen-type colloidalgrinder, but one may use any conventional emulsifying means. TABLE VIType of Composition pour emulsion Constituents 1000 g of emulsionComment Cationic Binder 1 650 Dinoram S ® is an Dinoram S ® 2 emulsifierHydrochloric acid 2 supplied by Ceca Water 346 Anionic Binder 1 600Indulin ISE ® and Indulin ISE ® 30 Indulin C ® are Indulin C ® 7products supplied Soda Quantity sufficient by Westvaco to meet pHbetween 9.5 and 40.5 Water Complement to 1000 Non- ionic Binder 1 650Stabiram 3070 ® is Stabiram 3070 ® 20 a Ceca product Water 3302. Examples of Use of the Binders According to the Invention

In these examples, unless notified to the contrary, all the parts andpercentages are expressed in weight.

2.1. Use in Coated Materials

A coated material of semi grained bituminous concrete 0/10, BBSG, hasbeen made from granulates <<Noubleau>> produced by the Roy quarries. Thegranular formulation was as follows: Sand 0/2 39% Gravel 2/4 18% Gravel4/6 12% Gravel 6/10 31%

The binder 1 according to the invention, described in table V, has beenincorporated in this granular formulation at the rate of 5.9 parts ofbinder for 100 parts of the granular mixture.

Test pieces have been made and characterised. The values of thesecharacteristics have proven complying with those of a class-3 BBSG ofthe standard NF P 98-130.

Surprisingly, it has also been found that this coated material, madewith the binder according to the invention, exhibited improvedresistance to carbohydrates in comparison with a coated material of samegranular formulation, but whereof the binder was a class 50/70 bitumen.The procedure used for this evaluation is described in <<Coatingsresistant to carbohydrates>> published by C. Deneuvillers, J.-F. Gal andF. Létaudin in RGRA n°800 December 2001, p. 34.

2.2. Use in Asphalt

A pavement asphalt has been made by adopting the following formulation:Binder 2 according to the invention, Table V:  8% Filler: 25% Sand 0/237% Gravel 2/6 30%

The properties of this asphalt have been found quite satisfactory forthe aim contemplated.

2.3. Use as a Coating Binder

A binder 4 is prepared according to the invention. It has the followingcomposition: Resin C  60% Oil B  32% Colza methyl ester 8.8% Cobaltoctoate 0.2%

Measured according to the standard NF T 66-005, the viscosity of thisbinder has been found equal to 100 sec at 40° C. This viscosity isadapted to the use of this binder in the coating technique. One has alsoverified that its consistency evolves with the course of time asrequired by this type of application.

To do so, one has made 1 mm thick binder samples. These films have beenstored in a ventilated stove regulated at 20° C. After 3, 7, 14 and 28days, the softening temperature of these samples was measured. They arecompared in table VII to that of the binder reference 1 given in thepatent FR 2 768 150, reputed complying with a usage for coating. Thisevolution of the softening temperature confirms the possibility of usingthis binder for coating. TABLE VII Evolution of the softeningtemperature of the binder 4 - Comparison with a bituminous binder ofequivalent function Softening temperature, ° C. Binder reference 1 ofMellowing time, day FR 2 768 150 Binder 4 3 27.45 25.0 7 31.25 28.5 1434.3  32.0 28 Non specified 35.5 31 37.5  402.4 Use Production of Geomembranes or Tightness Sheets.

The bitumen between in the composition of reinforced geomembranes suchas, for instance, Colétanche® produced by Cold Chon. These bituminousgeomembranes enable to insure the tightness of the structure whereinthey are employed. They are used for treating the environmentalproblems:

-   -   Dump confinement,    -   Storage of polluted liquids and lixiviates,    -   Storage of various waste and notably radioactive waste,    -   Protection of groundwater tables.

They are also employed in the construction of hydraulic works such asdams, basins and channels.

Bitumen also composes tightness sheets. One may quote as examples theproducts Alpal® or Hyrène® of the Axter company. These tightness sheetsare used in:

-   -   Tightness for terrace roofing structures (inaccessible,        self-protected or under gravel, terrace roofing structures for        gardens, pedestrian zones, private residences . . . );    -   Tightness of buried walls;    -   Tightness for civil engineering;    -   Covering for buildings (residential or industrial).

The binder according to the invention may replace the bitumen withoutany technical difficulties. The composition of the binder according tothe invention is adjusted relative to the characteristics of the bitumenfor which it is substituted.

1. A material for the production of building layers and/or coatingscomprising a mixture of a granulate and a binder, wherein the bindercomprises, based on the total 5 weight of (a) and (b): (a) 2 to 98% inweight of at least one purely natural or modified natural resin, ofvegetable origin, having a softening point measured according to thestandard EN 1427 of 30 to 200° C.; (b) 98 to 2% in weight of at leastone oil of vegetable origin having a viscosity at 25° C. of 50 mPa·s to1000 Pa·s; (c) said binder having: (c1) either a penetrability at 25°C., measured according to the standard NF EN 1426, of 20 to 300 1/10 mmand a softening point of 30 to 75° C., measured according to thestandard NF EN 1427; (c2) or a penetrability at 15° C., measuredaccording to the standard NP EN 1426, of 300 to 900 1/10 mm and aviscosity at 60° C., measured according to the standard NE EN 12596 of 2to 20 Pa·s; and said binder being exempt of any natural or syntheticelastomer and of any thermoplastic polymer
 2. The material according toclaim 1, wherein the resin measured according to the standard EN 1427 of80 to 200° C.
 3. The material according to claim 1, wherein the resinmeasured according to the standard EN 1427 of 100 to 200°.
 4. Thematerial according to claim 1, wherein the resin has a softening pointmeasured according to the standard EN 1427 of 120 to 180° C.
 5. Thematerial according to claim 1, wherein the binder comprises 25 to 95% inweight of resin.
 6. The material according to claim 1, wherein thebinder comprises 30 to 80% in weight of resin.
 7. The material accordingto claim 1, wherein the binder comprises 40 to 70% in weight of resin.8. The material according to claim 1, wherein the binder comprises 15 to75% in weight of vegetable oil.
 9. The material according to claim 1,wherein the binder comprises 20 to 70% in weight of vegetable oil. 10.The material according to claim 1, wherein the binder comprises 30 to60% in weight of vegetable oil.
 11. The material according to claim 1,wherein the purely natural or modified natural resin of vegetable originis a harvest resin.
 12. The material according to claim 11, wherein theresin is selected among the accroïd resins, the dammar, the purelynatural or modified natural rosins, the rosin esters, the rosin soapsand the metal resinates.
 13. The material according to claim 12, whereinthe rosin esters are polymerised rosin esters and glycerol and/ormaleated rosin esters and glycerol and the resinates are calciumresinates.
 14. The material according to claim 1, wherein the purelynatural or modified natural resin of vegetable origin is a fossil resin.15. The material according to claim 14, wherein the resin is selectedamong the copals.
 16. The material according to claim 1, wherein thevegetable oil is selected among the oils made of colza, of sunflower, ofsoja bean, of flax, of olive, of palm, of ricin, of wood, of maize, ofgourd, of grape pips, of jojoba, of sesame, of nut, of hazel, of almond,of shea, of macadamia, of cotton, of lucerne, of rye, of cartham, ofgroundnut and of copra, and their mixtures.
 17. The material accordingto claim 1, wherein the binder comprises, besides, at least one catalystfor polymerizing vegetable oil(s).
 18. The material according to claim17, wherein the catalyst is selected among the cobalt, zirconium andmanganese salts.
 19. The material according to claim 18, wherein thesalt is an octanoate or a naphtenate.
 20. The material according toclaim 1, wherein the material is a coated material.
 21. The materialaccording to claim 2, wherein the binder accounts for 3% to 10% of thetotal weight of the material.
 22. The material according to claim 1,wherein the material is a superficial plaster.
 23. The building layer orcoating, wherein said building layer is composed of a material accordingto claim
 1. 24. The building layer or coating according to claim 23,wherein said building layer makes up a layer or coating for road worksor civil engineering.